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| Urum Урум |
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|---|---|---|
| Pronunciation: | uˈrum | |
| Spoken in: | Ukraine, Greece | |
| Total speakers: | 45,000[1] | |
| Language family: | Altaic[2] (controversial) Turkic Kypchak, Oghuz Urum |
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| Writing system: | Cyrillic alphabet, Greek alphabet | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | uum | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in diaspora communities world wide.
The name Urum is derived from Rûm ("Rome"), the term for the Byzantine empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prosthetic: originally Turkic languages did not have r- in word-initial position, and in borrowed words used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in the Ukraine.[3][4] (see: Urums)
Contents |
Sounds
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Affricate | ʦ ¹ | ʧ | ʤ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | θ | ð ² | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ɣ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Flap/Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | |||||||||||||
(1) /ʦ/ is found only in loanwords.
(2) /θ/ and /ð/ are found only in loanwords from Greek.
Writing System
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[5] During the period between 1927 and 1937,the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the so called New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937 the use of written Urum stopped. Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[6]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | (Δ δ) | Д′ д′ |
| (Ђ ђ) | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | Т′ т′ | (Ћ ћ) | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Υ υ | Ф ф |
| Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Θ θ |
Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon[7], and a small description of the language[8].
References
- ^ Garkavets, Alexander. "North Azovian Urums - Greeks Speaking Turkic Language".
- ^ "[1] Ethnologue"
- ^ Казаков, Алексей (12 2000). "Понтийские греки" (in Russian).
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International.
- ^ "Urum". Language Museum.
- ^ Гаркавець, Олександр (2000). Урумський словник (pdf, html) (in Ukrainian, Urum), 632.
- ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
- ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review 2: 99–112.
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